What movement is characterized by its focus on social realism in American cinema?

The Independent Film Movement is known for its emphasis on social realism in American cinema. This movement brought attention to the everyday struggles and experiences of common people, often addressing issues such as poverty, racial inequality, and social justice. Independent filmmakers typically operate outside the traditional studio system, allowing them more creative freedom to tell authentic, often gritty stories that reflect real-life circumstances.

This approach contrasts with some other movements, such as the Golden Age, which focused more on glamour and escapism through polished productions and star-driven narratives. The Hollywood Renaissance also sought to break away from conventional storytelling, but it was more characterized by auteur-driven narratives and experimentation with form rather than a strict focus on social realism. The Studio System, on the other hand, was more about the industrial production of films with specific formulas aimed at maximizing box office appeal, often sidelining social commentary.

In short, the Independent Film Movement's hallmark is its commitment to social issues and realism, making it the correct choice in the context of the question.